How Thyroid Disorders Affect Fertility: The Critical Role of Thyroid Health in Conception
For many Australians dreaming of starting a family, understanding the intricate relationship between thyroid health and fertility is crucial. As we delve into this topic, it’s important to recognise that thyroid disorders can significantly impact reproductive health and conception.
The Thyroid-Fertility Connection
The thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped organ in the neck, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism and hormone production throughout the body. When it comes to fertility, thyroid function is particularly important.
Approximately 10% of women of reproductive age have thyroid autoimmunity, and 2-4% have overt hypothyroidism. These conditions can lead to various fertility challenges, including:
- Ovulation dysfunction
- Subfertility
- Implantation failures
- Recurrent miscarriage
Hypothyroidism and Fertility
Hypothyroidism, or an under-active thyroid, can affect fertility in several ways:
- Menstrual irregularities: It may cause very light, heavy, or irregular periods, and in some cases, absent menstruation (amenorrhea).
- Ovulation problems: Low thyroid hormone levels can prevent ovulation from occurring at all.
- Shortened luteal phase: This may not allow enough time for a fertilised egg to attach to the womb.
- Hyperprolactinemia: Severe hypothyroidism can cause milk production in the breast while preventing ovulation.
Hyperthyroidism and Fertility
An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can also impact fertility:
- It may cause menstrual irregularities and heavy bleeding.
- The incidence of hyperthyroidism in women affected by subfertility can be as high as 2.3%, compared to 1.5% in the general population.
Thyroid Health Before Conception
If you’re planning to conceive, it’s essential to assess your thyroid health. The Australian Thyroid Foundation recommends determining your thyroid status before conception and once pregnancy is confirmed. This is crucial for both your gestational health and the development of your future newborn.
When to Check Your Thyroid Levels
You should have your thyroid levels checked at least 4 weeks before trying to conceive if:
- You have a history of thyroid problems
- You are on thyroid medication
- You’ve been unable to conceive naturally for more than 6 months
- You’re planning to undergo fertility treatment
Treatment and Management
If you’re diagnosed with a thyroid disorder, proper management is key to improving fertility outcomes:
- For hypothyroidism: Treatment with thyroxine can improve fertility.
- For hyperthyroidism: While treatments can help manage symptoms, there’s limited evidence that they directly improve ovulation.
It’s crucial to work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor and adjust your treatment, especially if you’re planning to conceive or are already pregnant.
Conclusion
Thyroid health plays a significant role in fertility and conception. For Australians trying to conceive, understanding this connection and addressing any thyroid issues early can greatly improve their chances of a successful pregnancy. If you have concerns about your thyroid health or fertility, don’t hesitate to consult with your GP or a specialist. With proper care and management, many individuals with thyroid disorders can achieve their dream of starting a family.
Remember, every fertility journey is unique, and with the right support and treatment, thyroid disorders don’t have to be a barrier to conception.
Dr Myuran Ponnam-Palam is a fertility specialist offering many fertility services. If you are wanting to know more about your options, please contact our clinic to make an appointment today!
SOURCES:
https://www.womenshealthmelbourne.com.au/blog/hypothyroidism-and-fertility
https://metronorth.health.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/thyroid-disorders-pregnancy.pdf
https://www.thyroidfoundation.org.au/Pregnancy-&-Your-Thyroid-Health
https://www.entclinic.com.au/thyroid-problems-and-fertility/
https://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/thyroiddisease.pdf
https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/thyroid-disorders-in-pregnancy-and-postpartum.html